Venous Malformations
摘要
Venous malformations are the most common treated slow-flow vascular malformations. The most common type of venous malformation is sporadic and solitary venous malformation. The most common familial form of venous anomaly is glomuvenous malformation, formerly known as glomangioma. Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome or Bean-Syndrome is a rare condition characterized by multiple, small venous malformations 1–2 cm in size, involving the skin, soft tissue, and gastrointestinal tract. Venous malformations may be associated with other syndromes such as Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformations, epidermal nevi, scoliosis, skeletal/spinal anomalies—CLOVES; Maffucci’s syndrome, Proteus syndrome, etc. Patients with extensive venous malformations have been found to have elevated D-dimer levels. Most venous malformations are diagnosed by history and physical examination. As a diagnostic procedure, ultrasound is the best option for localized lesions, and MRI for diffuse lesions. The most common symptom of venous malformation is pain due to local compression, congestion and thrombosis, and hemorrhage into surrounding tissues and joints. Treatment of a patient with venous malformation is individualized, best within multidisciplinary team approach, and it includes observation, supportive medical therapy, compression garments, sclerotherapy, surgical resection, laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, and targeted therapy.