In Africa, the issue of landland has a long history that dates back to colonialismcolonialism when permanent European settlerspermanent European settlers arrived. This chapter aims to describe the history of land in South Africa, account for how colonialism and apartheidapartheid have contributed to the uneven distribution of land, and the implications of this on the lives and livelihoods of Indigenous peopleIndigenous people. The arrival of European permanent settlers and their territorial expansion into Indigenous lands culminated in exterminationextermination, dispossessiondispossession and oppression of KhoisanKhoisan and native Black peoplenative Black people. The introduction of the Land Act of 1913 and the Native Trust and Land Act of 1936 (the Land ActsLand Acts) during the colonial era led to the formalisation and consolidation of a long historical process of division of land ownershipland ownership and possession. Importantly, the chapter found that these Acts provided preconditions for territorial segregationterritorial segregation and political subordination of natives, which directly and indirectly took land away from Black African people through dispossession. In addition, the chapter shows how the Land Acts in South Africa laid a foundation that paved the way to apartheid, which further institutionalised racial segregationracial segregation and discrimination from 1948 to the early 1990s. The chapter closes by explaining the implications of land dispossessionland dispossession on the lives and livelihoods of Indigenous Black AfricansIndigenous Black Africans, including loss of land for agriculture and livestocklivestock grazing.