This introduction reconceptualises architectural and urban heritage conservation as a dynamic, socially embedded, and future‑oriented practice that extends beyond the protection of historic fabric. It responds to contemporary challenges, including climate change, rapid urbanisation, social inequity, and digital transformation, and argues for conservation as a participatory process grounded in cultural continuity, sustainability, and community agency. The chapter traces the field’s evolution from monument‑centred doctrines, such as the Venice Charter, to more inclusive and landscape‑based frameworks like UNESCO’s Historic Urban Landscape Recommendation. It highlights a clear shift towards people‑centred, values‑led, and interdisciplinary approaches. Conservation is examined as a political and ethical practice shaped by power, identity, and social plurality. Particular attention is given to participatory methods, ethical uses of digital tools, and climate‑conscious strategies. Persistent gaps in governance and policy are identified, pointing to the need for more integrated and equitable frameworks. The introduction establishes the foundation of the book by showing that the careful selection of approaches, methods, and tools is essential for achieving resilient, inclusive, and sustainable conservation outcomes worldwide.