This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the organisation of the country and its territorial structure, as well as concise insights on the formulation and execution of central government and local and regional self-government budgets in Poland. While the focus is on accounting and financial reporting and audit and other oversight (supervision) practice overview, special attention is also given to the structure of public administration and local and regional specifics. The chapter also provides a brief assessment of initiatives and frameworks of non-financial reporting. The final part of the chapter discusses the challenges and future development paths that Poland, as an EU country, will face. It focuses on the influence of new public management on accounting reforms in the public sector and the role of internal and state auditing processes.