Effect of Shammah on Periodontal and Peri-implant Tissues
摘要
Shammah (also known as shammah and Yemeni snuff) is a traditional form of smokeless tobacco predominantly used in the Arabian peninsula, particularly in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and surrounding regions. In this region, many shammah users start using this ST in adolescence. Shammah is addictive and has dire oral health consequences including oral precancer and cancer. A vigilant review of pertinent indexed literature showed that, to date, there are only three clinical investigations that have compared the periodontal health status among shammah users and non-users. Two observational studies showed that scores of plaque index, bleeding on probing, periodontal probing depth, and marginal bone loss are significantly higher among shammah users than non-users; thereby labelling shammah use a significant risk factor of periodontitis. A randomized controlled trial reported that the anti-inflammatory effects of scaling and root planing with or without any adjunct therapies (such as probiotic therapy) are compromised in habitual shammah users than controls (non-users). To date, the impact of shammah on peri-implant health remains uninvestigated. However, as shammah use is a risk factor for periodontitis, it is hypothesized that the risk of peri-implant diseases (peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis) is higher among patients using this form of ST product than non-users. Further studies are needed to test this hypothesis.