The synthesis of CSNPs comprises a diverse array of fabrication strategies that enable tailored control over morphology, particle size, loading capacity, and overall functionality. A wide range of synthesis techniques are presented to synthesize CSNPs such as reverse micelles, ionotropic gelation, top-down approaches, polyelectrolyte complexation, desolvation, nanoprecipitation, spray-drying, covalent cross-linking, incorporation or incubation-based formulations, complex coacervation, emulsion droplet coalescence, and emulsion solvent diffusion procedures. These methodologies further allow the creation of unique nanoarchitectures such as drug-polymer conjugates, metal-functionalized hybrids as well as hydrogels and core-shell systems. Representative applications including alginate and neem oil encapsulated CS nano-formulations, curcumin loaded CS-gum arabic complexes, PEGylated CSNPs as promising carriers, zein–honey–CS composites, CS-curcumin gold nanoconjugates, bovine serum albumin-loaded CSNPs, and gadopentetic acid- encapsulated CSNPs highlight the versatility of CS as a customizable platform for pharmaceutical, biomedical, and environmental applications. The synthesis routes outlined demonstrate the significant versatility of CS nanomaterials, highlighting their potential for targeted delivery, enhanced bioactivity, and multifunctional therapeutic applications.