The Indian Sundarbans Delta (ISD), situated within the ecologically rich and geopolitically sensitive Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin, is home to nearly five million people whose lives are deeply entwined with a dynamic but increasingly fragile ecosystem. This region, known for its dense mangrove forests and complex tidal networks, faces mounting threats from climate change, including rising sea levels, frequent and severe cyclones, and increasing soil and water salinity. These environmental stressors have severely impacted traditional livelihoods, viz., agriculture, artisanal fishing, and forest-based activities, forcing many communities into economic precarity. Vulnerability is especially acute in southwestern islands such as Sagar, Mousani, and Ghoramara, where land erosion, saline intrusion, and flooding are recurrent, and infrastructure and institutional support remain weak. While local communities have shown remarkable resilience through adaptive strategies like seasonal migration, crop diversification, and self-help groups, these responses often emerge without robust governance and long-term support. Fragmented institutional frameworks, inadequate coordination across agencies, and a lack of participatory governance have left many of the region’s most vulnerable populations without adequate protection or opportunity for recovery. Despite growing recognition of these challenges, there remains a research gap in understanding how integrated governance and community-driven approaches can be systematically implemented to enhance adaptive capacity. This chapter examines the intersecting challenges of climate vulnerability, livelihood insecurity, and governance inefficiency in the ISD. It also explores the potential for inclusive policy reforms such as decentralised planning, improved inter-agency collaboration, and ecosystem-based adaptation to support sustainable, community-driven development. In doing so, it advocates for a shift from reactive relief to proactive resilience, grounded in the lived experiences and agency of the people who call the Sundarbans home.