Climate change is profoundly affecting the stability and functioning of global ecosystems, with significant consequences for the distribution patterns of tree species. This study investigates the direct and indirect effects of key climatic factors—such as rising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns—on the geographical distribution, ecological adaptability, and community structure of forest trees. The results indicate a pronounced shift in forest tree distributions toward higher latitudes and elevations as species seek more suitable climatic conditions. However, this migration occurs at a pace that is consistently outpaced by the rapid rate of climate change, leading to widespread climatic mismatches that disrupt species interactions and exacerbate ecosystem instability. Furthermore, the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme climate events introduce additional uncertainties into species distribution dynamics, often triggering large-scale tree mortality and further compromising the integrity of vulnerable forest ecosystems. By evaluating the multidimensional impacts of climate change on forest trees from ecological, geographical, and functional perspectives, this study offers critical insights and practical guidance for the development of adaptive forest management strategies aimed at enhancing ecosystem resilience in an era of ongoing climate change.