The growing demand for sustainable building materials has led to increased research on waste glass powder (WGP) as a cement replacement in concrete manufacturing. This review examines WGP’s practical application in cement-based materials by analysing its impact on concrete properties, durability, and environmental considerations. Studies confirm that finely ground WGP activates pozzolanic reactions, producing C–S–H formation and extended strength development. WGP used at 10–30% replacement levels has been shown to achieve compressive strength comparable to or greater than OPC concrete, particularly at later curing stages. However, higher replacement levels may lead to reduced early-age strength due to slower pozzolanic activation. The research shows that when incorporated into concrete, WGP enhances durability by reducing permeability while mitigating alkali-silica reactions (ASR). Combining WGP with concrete results in lower CO2 emissions and reduces cement consumption to create an environmentally friendly solution. Three significant barriers hinder the broader adoption of WGP in cement production because researchers need to identify optimal replacement levels, improve cost control, and stabilise chemical content fluctuations. WGP proves to be a sustainable cement substitute that offers construction advantages and enables circular economy practices in the building industry.