This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment strategies tailored to the diverse etiologies of major neurocognitive disorders (NCDs). While Alzheimer’s disease remains the most common cause, the chapter also explores a few therapeutic approaches for vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson’s disease dementia, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, and others. Treatment decisions are discussed in the context of pathophysiologic mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and evidence-based recommendations unique to each disorder.