Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr., a threatened medicinal plant from the Apocynaceae family, holds significant importance in traditional Indian systems of medicine, including Ayurveda and Unani. Indigenous communities have used this plant to treat respiratory issues, skin diseases, and inflammatory conditions. Pharmacological studies reveal that the plant is rich in alkaloids—especially tylophorine—along with flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, and tannins, which contribute to its anti-asthmatic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Due to overharvesting and poor seed germination, T. indica is facing conservation threats in its natural habitats. Modern propagation techniques, such as micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis, have contributed to the conservation and sustainable utilization of the species. Scientific validation supports many of its traditional uses, thus confirming its effectiveness in managing asthma, liver toxicity, arthritis, anxiety, and microbial infections. Its anticancer potential, linked to tylophorine’s ability to inhibit cell growth and angiogenesis, makes it a promising subject for further research.