Morus nigra (black mulberry) is a deciduous fruit tree widely distributed across Asia, Africa, Europe, and the America. It possesses an impressive nutritional and phytochemical profile, being rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and vitamins that contribute to its broad pharmacological potential. Main constituents such as gallic, chlorogenic, protocatechuic, and ellagic acids, along with rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin, exhibit potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities demonstrated through both in vitro and in vivo studies. Preclinical evidence indicates that M. nigra may alleviate gastric ulcers, hypertension, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative conditions, and promote wound healing. Its rich bioactive composition positions make it a valuable source for natural nutraceuticals and therapeutic agents. The integration of traditional knowledge with modern pharmacological validation provides a strong basis for future clinical research and pharmaceutical applications, highlighting Morus nigra as a promising candidate for functional food and modern medicine development.