Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub., commonly known as cluster bean or guar, is a drought-resistant leguminous crop of the Fabaceae family, predominantly cultivated in the arid and semi-arid regions of India. Its agricultural and industrial values are due to its guar gum, a galactomannan polysaccharide contents. C. tetragonoloba has also been revered in traditional medicine for its broad therapeutic potential. Various parts of the plant have been traditionally utilized for their digestive, anti-inflammatory, and galactagogue properties. Phytochemical analyses have revealed that the plant is a rich reservoir of flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, and fatty acids. Modern research has substantiated its antidiabetic, antiulcer, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiasthmatic, hepatoprotective, and anti-obesity activities, as demonstrated through numerous in vitro and in vivo studies. Notable bioactive compounds include quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid derivatives, and guar gum-capped nanoparticles, which have exhibited targeted cytotoxicity, antioxidant capacity, and metabolic regulatory effects. The convergence of ethnomedicinal relevance and modern pharmacological validation highlights C. tetragonoloba as a valuable botanical with translational potential for pharmaceutical applications.