Anemia during pregnancy is a major global health concern with significant implications for both maternal and fetal outcomes. Globally, it affects more than 38% of pregnant women, with the highest burden in low- and middle-income countries (Kassebaum et al., Blood. 123:615–624, 2014). Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) remains the most common form, yet other causes such as folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies, sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and rare bone marrow disorders contribute significantly to morbidity. Physiologic changes during pregnancy, including increased plasma volume and altered iron metabolism, can obscure underlying pathology and complicate diagnosis. If left untreated, anemia increases the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), postpartum hemorrhage, and maternal death (Daru et al., Lancet Glob Health. 6:e548–e554, 2018). This chapter reviews the major forms of anemia encountered during pregnancy, emphasizing their pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management strategies.