Water is involved throughout the entire life cycle of unconventional hydrocarbon production. From pre-fracturing freshwater sourcing (surface and groundwater), fracturing fluid preparation (mixing freshwater with chemical additives), injection during fracturing, and post-fracturing flowback to surface treatment and reuse, water is involved in every stage. Due to the use of chemical additives, the fracturing fluid itself is inherently polluting. During hydraulic fracturing, fracturing fluid not only mixes with formation brines rich in dissolved ions but also reacts with reservoir rocks, leading to the release of various chemical constituents, especially metallic elements, resulting in flowback water with complex water quality. Consequently, hydraulic fracturing consumes vast amounts of freshwater while generating large volumes of toxic and hazardous wastewater with strong pollution risk. Once these fluids infiltrate groundwater aquifers, they can cause severe environmental pollution. Therefore, potential environmental contamination, especially groundwater pollution in fracturing areas, must receive sufficient attention. The Sulige region is rich in groundwater resources, which are highly susceptible to contamination by fracturing fluids, drilling fluids, and flowback wastewater during oil and gas field development. This chapter discussed hydraulic fracturing activities, groundwater hydrochemical characteristics, potential pollution sources, and pathways in the Sulige region. Furthermore, an identification model for groundwater pollution induced by flowback fluids was established and recommendations are proposed for the protection of soil and groundwater in hydraulic fracturing zones.