This chapter begins with a brief summary of the historical background responsible for shaping the current domestic and international issues facing Israel. It identifies and examines some of the more important principles, doctrines and definitions. It considers the evolving policy as applied consecutively to oaths, military service, abortion and other health issues, same sex relationships, assisted death etc. This is followed by an outline of the relevant legal framework: the domestic and international legislation; together with the related judicial systems. The core of the chapter concentrates on the relationship between fundamental human rights and conscience before launching into a systematic study of the issues lying at the heart of the conscientious objection/equality law intersect. This it does by focusing on public health matters, social care services, national defence/asylum seeker issues, public education, employment and commercial services.