The terrorist attacks9/11 terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 resulted in enormous physical destruction of buildings and infrastructureInfrastructure in New York City and Washington, DC. These consequences called into question the organizational infrastructureInfrastructure of the US for detection, prevention, protection, interdiction, containment, attribution, analysis, and intervention capabilities to address such threats. Failures to organize, integrate, and operate such capabilities were pervasive and remain an ongoing challenge, particularly because of the fragmented organizational nature of our country.