The construction industry faces numerous challenges, including rising labor costs, declining productivity, and a shortage of skilled workers. Digital technologies, particularly 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP), offer a potential solution by reducing labor dependency, increasing demand for skilled professionals, and improving working conditions. However, this industry’s high consumption of raw materials and energy is a cause for concern regarding sustainability. 3DCP materials depend on a higher cement content, contributing to significant energy use and CO2 emissions. Exploring alternative materials like Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) is essential to address this. SCMs, such as limestone, metakaolin, fly ash, and waste-derived powders like marble and granite, can provide promising alternatives to traditional cement, potentially enhancing concrete properties and reducing environmental impact. Literature shows that SCMs can replace cement and optimize some properties. The selection of SCMs for 3DCP must balance extrudability and buildability to ensure optimal printability. This study explores the influence of various SCMs from raw materials, by-products, and wastes on the fresh properties of 3D printable pastes. The research aims to identify SCMs that can enhance the properties of 3DCP by evaluating their effects on extrudability and buildability while promoting sustainability in construction practices.