The digital transformation of healthcare offers considerable potential for enhancing access, efficiency, and patient outcomes, notably through innovations like telemedicine, electronic health records, and mobile health applications. However, this progress is increasingly threatened by the spread of online health misinformation that endangers public health, undermines confidence in healthcare systems, and widens health inequalities. This issue is especially acute in developing countries, where low levels of digital and health literacy, cultural and religious factors, limited institutional trust, and the rapid uptake of social media platforms create fertile ground for misinformation to thrive. Despite the urgency of this problem, scholarly attention to its root causes and effective mitigation strategies in resource-limited settings remains scarce. This study addresses this gap through a systematic literature review of 25 peer-reviewed articles, drawing from public health, information systems, and communication studies. The findings highlight the necessity of tailored media and digital literacy initiatives, culturally attuned community engagement, proactive ‘prebunking’ efforts, and collaborative fact-checking mechanisms. The study argues that meaningful interventions must transcend algorithmic and regulatory solutions, prioritising socially embedded, locally relevant strategies that empower communities to resist misinformation. By illuminating the structural and socio-cultural underpinnings of health misinformation and offering actionable responses, this research contributes to the growing discourse on digital health equity.