The chapter explores the politics of identity in Ukraine since independence, focusing on ethnicity, language, religion, and historical memory. It challenges simplistic notions of a divided Ukraine, showing instead a complex and dynamic mix of identities that shifted significantly after Russia’s aggression in 2014 and especially the full-scale invasion of 2022. Ethnically, the once large Russian minority has nearly disappeared as people increasingly identify simply as “Ukrainians”. The Ukainian language has become much more widespread in public and private life, as many citizens abandoned Russian to affirm national resistance. In memory politics, state and society have moved from contested narratives of the past to an overwhelming embrace of the nationalist interpretation, including recognition of the Holodomor as genocide and celebration of independence fighters. Overall, the war has fostered a stronger civic national identity that unites most Ukrainians, even as tensions over language use and church affiliation remain.