This chapter examines the development of Ukraine’s energy policy from 1991 to the present day, showing how competing interests have influenced the transformation from fossil fuel dependence to carbon neutrality in the context of European integration and Ukraine’s disintegration from Russia. Using a content analysis of energy-related regulations and key policy milestones, the authors examine how opposing lobby groups have shaped Ukraine’s energy policy. From an actor-centered perspective, they systematically explore why a green energy transition in Ukraine is proving so difficult. The authors focus on the tensions between “brown” lobby groups, Russian interventions, and Europeanization processes. The findings show that “brown” lobby groups have significantly influenced decisions in the energy sector for decades after independence, but their power has gradually diminished due to increasing pressure towards energy security and diversification. The large-scale Russian invasion in 2022, despite its devastating effects, paradoxically accelerated Ukraine’s green energy aspirations by exposing critical infrastructure weaknesses and necessitating a comprehensive reconstruction of the sector. The study shows how Ukraine met international obligations and domestic reform pressures despite unfavorable political legacies and entrenched oligarchic structures.