Urban residential morphology significantly impacts Land Surface Temperature (LST). This study focuses on four residential spatial layouts in Xi’an, a city frequently affected by extreme heat waves. Using ArcGIS and SPSS for correlation analysis, we explore the influence mechanisms of different building morphologies on LST at the block scale across four seasons. The results indicate that the row layout has the greatest impact on LST, with PE and AS exerting the most influence in the enclosed layout, primarily during summer. Building Orientation (SO) shows higher significance in the row layout. The Shape-Size Index (SSI) exhibits the strongest correlation in the enclosed layout during spring and summer. Building Coverage Ratio (BCR) is highest in the row layout but does not differ significantly from other layouts. Building Proximity (PROX) has a minimal effect in traditional layouts but shows a higher correlation in other configurations. Mean Building Height (MBH) demonstrates the strongest correlation in the row layout. Sky View Factor (SVF), Shape Coefficient (SC), and Building Porosity (POR) are most correlated in the row layout, with SVF being significant in autumn, POR in summer, and SC remaining relatively stable across seasons. These findings theoretically elucidate the impact mechanisms of building morphology on the thermal environment.