The progressive loss of neurons and neurotransmitters characterizes neurodegenerative diseases. Various antioxidant vitamins, essential minerals, and trace elements are critical for maintaining neuronal integrity of the central nervous system and reducing the risk of chronic neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease). These micronutrients exert multifaceted metabolic effects at both cellular and molecular levels, including reducing oxidative stress, enhancing mitochondrial function, and preserving synaptic plasticity. Antioxidant vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, B9, B12, D, E, and K) and minerals/trace elements (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine, sulfur, chromium, copper, fluoride, manganese, and selenium) have specific neurobiological functions, which reduce oxidative stress and slow down the progression of mental ailments. They help to maintain neuronal integrity, reduce reactive oxygen species, and provide neuroprotective actions. Additionally, essential minerals and trace elements, such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium, are necessary for neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission, providing neuroprotective benefits. In contrast, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, and selenium serve as enzymatic cofactors that maintain redox homeostasis. The blood-brain barrier strictly regulates the bioavailability and brain uptake of these metallic nutrients, utilizing selective transport mechanisms to preserve brain homeostasis. Disruptions in the supply of micronutrients, whether due to dietary deficiencies or environmental toxicants, are linked to increased susceptibility to neurodegenerative processes, resulting in cognitive decline, dementia, and depression. This chapter synthesizes current knowledge regarding the potential role of antioxidant micronutrients in maintaining mental health, as well as novel therapeutic approaches for preventing cognitive decline, dementia, and managing various neurodegenerative disorders. The results of preclinical and clinical studies done with micronutrients, as well as the underlying mechanisms, are also discussed.