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Pregnancy triggers a series of metabolic, physiological, and hormonal changes in the maternal organism, aiming to sustain fetal development and prepare the body for childbirth and lactation. Among these changes, a heightened demand for micronutrients becomes evident, especially trace elements (TEs), minerals required in small amounts but essential for various biological functions such as enzymatic activity, gene regulation, immune function, and antioxidant defense. Ensuring sufficient intake of these TEs is vital for maintaining maternal health and ensuring healthy fetal development. In this context, the aim of the present narrative review was to understand the modulation and clinical relevance of the main TEs—iron, zinc, iodine, copper, selenium, magnesium, and calcium—during the gestational period. The bibliographic research was conducted in the following databases: National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Cochrane, Regional Health Portal (BVS), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL-EBSCO), covering the period from 2009 to 2025, with no language restrictions. The results showed that imbalances or deficiencies in these TEs may compromise maternal physiological processes and fetal growth, emphasizing the need for supplementation strategies and an appropriate nutritional approach during prenatal care to promote better outcomes for both mother and baby.

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Modulation of Trace Elements in Pregnant Women and Its Clinical Importance for Fetal Development

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Sofia Morais Tornis,
  • Mayara Bocchi,
  • Fábio Morato de Oliveira,
  • David Michel de Oliveira,
  • Eduardo Vignoto Fernandes

摘要

Pregnancy triggers a series of metabolic, physiological, and hormonal changes in the maternal organism, aiming to sustain fetal development and prepare the body for childbirth and lactation. Among these changes, a heightened demand for micronutrients becomes evident, especially trace elements (TEs), minerals required in small amounts but essential for various biological functions such as enzymatic activity, gene regulation, immune function, and antioxidant defense. Ensuring sufficient intake of these TEs is vital for maintaining maternal health and ensuring healthy fetal development. In this context, the aim of the present narrative review was to understand the modulation and clinical relevance of the main TEs—iron, zinc, iodine, copper, selenium, magnesium, and calcium—during the gestational period. The bibliographic research was conducted in the following databases: National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Cochrane, Regional Health Portal (BVS), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL-EBSCO), covering the period from 2009 to 2025, with no language restrictions. The results showed that imbalances or deficiencies in these TEs may compromise maternal physiological processes and fetal growth, emphasizing the need for supplementation strategies and an appropriate nutritional approach during prenatal care to promote better outcomes for both mother and baby.