The gut microbiota comprises a complex microbial community that performs various biological processes for maintaining human health. Variations in gut microbiome composition and function have been linked to numerous chronic diseases, including gastrointestinal disorders, as well as neurological, cardiovascular, and respiratory infections. Diet is a substantial factor in shaping gut microbiota composition and function. Dietary patterns significantly influence the gut microbial population, and research studies suggest that improvements in gut microbial diversity can be attained by dietary modifications. Dietary antioxidants can positively affect gut flora and offer numerous health benefits. The interaction between gut microbiota and antioxidants is crucial for sustaining homeostasis within the gut microbiome. Vitamin C, vitamin E, and β-carotene are representative dietary antioxidants that augment the antioxidant capacity of cells and tissues. The health benefits of vitamins, including vitamin C, vitamin E, and β-carotene, are widely documented. Numerous clinical studies have shown the beneficial impact of dietary antioxidants on gut microbiota, potentially assisting in developing gut microbe-targeting therapeutics for various diseases. This review discusses the interplay between antioxidant vitamins, gut microbiota, and host health, illustrating how antioxidant vitamins provide therapeutic approaches for diseases.