Waste generated from different domestic and industrial sources has become a major global concern with pollutants such as pharmaceutical compounds, heavy metals, radioactive substances, hydrocarbons, microplastics posing serious threat to environment as well as public health. Microorganisms-based strategies have emerged as an innovative and sustainable alternative for environmental waste treatment over conventional techniques due to environment friendly nature and cost effectiveness. Methodologies including microbial fuel cells, biofilm reactors, bioremediation, bioaugmentation, denitrification presents immense potential toward a more sustainable and efficient way of treatment. Use of microbial consortium has also gained attention in degradation of persistent environmental pollutants due to their diverse metabolic capabilities and synergistic interactions. Recent breakthroughs in technologies such as CRISPR/Cas, metabolic engineering, and metagenomics resulted in obtaining novel microbes with tailored abilities for enhanced degradation of pollutants and resource recovery. Additionally, microbe-assisted nanotechnology is another area offering excellent wastewater treatment opportunities. However, several challenges including waste specific process optimization and scale up, maintaining stable microbial communities, and integrating new microbial technologies with existing treatment infrastructure needs to be addressed for successful implementation of these strategies. These methods represent an efficient approach to managing and mitigating environmental pollution, contributing to sustainable development.