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The use of aqueous solutions of diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) to induce formation of calcium phosphates on the surface and inside the pores of carbonate stones was proposed in 2011 to consolidate and protect heritage substrates. Given the very promising results provided by the DAP-treatment in the first exploratory studies performed in the laboratory, in the following years research on DAP has expanded to progressively move from simplified systems to more representative and more complex ones. The present paper aims to provide a review of various aspects investigated through the years, namely (i) the type of substrate on which the treatment has been tested, (ii) its deterioration level, (iii) the application method and (iv) the properties investigated (effectiveness, compatibility, durability, sustainability). Overall, the technical performance and the sustainability of the DAP-treatment can be regarded as very high, also in comparison with the available commercial alternatives, which has led to DAP application on several real moments in the last few years.

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15 Years of Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) for Heritage Conservation: A Review of the Treatment Performance in Laboratory Studies and Field Applications

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Alessio Gabrielli,
  • Enrico Sassoni

摘要

The use of aqueous solutions of diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) to induce formation of calcium phosphates on the surface and inside the pores of carbonate stones was proposed in 2011 to consolidate and protect heritage substrates. Given the very promising results provided by the DAP-treatment in the first exploratory studies performed in the laboratory, in the following years research on DAP has expanded to progressively move from simplified systems to more representative and more complex ones. The present paper aims to provide a review of various aspects investigated through the years, namely (i) the type of substrate on which the treatment has been tested, (ii) its deterioration level, (iii) the application method and (iv) the properties investigated (effectiveness, compatibility, durability, sustainability). Overall, the technical performance and the sustainability of the DAP-treatment can be regarded as very high, also in comparison with the available commercial alternatives, which has led to DAP application on several real moments in the last few years.