The research followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines to present a systematic literature review using the Web of Science Core Collection (2010–2025), applying defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. From 227 retrieved records, 174 eligible publications were analyzed using CiteSpace (6.3.R1) for bibliometric mapping and thematic cluster analysis. The study identifies four interconnected domains driving modern logistics resilience: digitalization and risk management, robust optimization for emergency preparedness, urban and last-mile innovations, and sustainability integration. Key findings demonstrate a paradigm shift from firm-centric to network-level resilience thinking, with proactive strategies outperforming reactive approaches. Digital technologies emerge as essential resilience infrastructure, while COVID-19 accelerated research focused on systemic disruption management. Despite theoretical advances, significant gaps exist between conceptual frameworks and practical implementation. The study concludes that effective logistics resilience requires dynamic adaptive capabilities rather than static protective measures, with sustainability integration enhancing operational resilience in increasingly uncertain global environments.