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Nowadays, people spend a considerable amount of their time indoors. Therefore, indoor physical, chemical, and biological environments are crucial for human health. While modern homes offer improved insulation, airtightness, and air-conditioning systems to create thermal comfort and indoor air quality, recent studies suggest that promoting microbial diversity—rather than strict sterilization—may benefit health. This study investigated the relationship between environmental factors—such as temperature, humidity, and ventilation—and microbial community structures in 28 homes across Japan. Air samples were collected from bedrooms, living rooms, and outdoor areas, and microbial communities were analyzed using 16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. PERMANOVA revealed significant differences between outdoor and indoor air, but not between living rooms and bedrooms. The influence of location was more limited for eukaryotic communities than for bacterial ones. NMDS and PCoA plots showed that outdoor air formed a distinct cluster, while indoor air samples overlapped. Seasonal variation significantly affected both bacterial and eukaryotic communities, though the effect was weaker for bacteria. Among environmental factors, the air change rate (ACR) was strongly negatively correlated with the similarity between indoor and outdoor eukaryotic communities. In addition, air temperature and relative humidity appeared to influence eukaryotic community structures. These findings highlight the importance of considering not only short-term environmental conditions but also long-term structural and ventilation-related factors when evaluating indoor air quality and its microbiological composition.

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Microbial Communities in Japanese Residences: Part 2 Similarity of Indoor Air Microbial Communities and Their Environmental Influences

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Makiko Nakajima,
  • Tomohide Akiyama,
  • Jianjian Hou,
  • Daisuke Ogura,
  • Fumito Maruyama,
  • Jun Noda

摘要

Nowadays, people spend a considerable amount of their time indoors. Therefore, indoor physical, chemical, and biological environments are crucial for human health. While modern homes offer improved insulation, airtightness, and air-conditioning systems to create thermal comfort and indoor air quality, recent studies suggest that promoting microbial diversity—rather than strict sterilization—may benefit health. This study investigated the relationship between environmental factors—such as temperature, humidity, and ventilation—and microbial community structures in 28 homes across Japan. Air samples were collected from bedrooms, living rooms, and outdoor areas, and microbial communities were analyzed using 16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. PERMANOVA revealed significant differences between outdoor and indoor air, but not between living rooms and bedrooms. The influence of location was more limited for eukaryotic communities than for bacterial ones. NMDS and PCoA plots showed that outdoor air formed a distinct cluster, while indoor air samples overlapped. Seasonal variation significantly affected both bacterial and eukaryotic communities, though the effect was weaker for bacteria. Among environmental factors, the air change rate (ACR) was strongly negatively correlated with the similarity between indoor and outdoor eukaryotic communities. In addition, air temperature and relative humidity appeared to influence eukaryotic community structures. These findings highlight the importance of considering not only short-term environmental conditions but also long-term structural and ventilation-related factors when evaluating indoor air quality and its microbiological composition.