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The growing demand for lithiumLithium-ion batteries (LIBs) highlights the urgent need for efficient and sustainable recycling solutions, with thermal pretreatmentThermal pretreatment serving as a key enabler for improved metal recoveryMetal recovery. The present study investigates the pyrolysis behavior of industrial NMC-type black massBlack mass treated at 600 °C and 700 °C for 1 and 2 h under an inert atmosphere. Structural and compositional transformations were monitored using XRD, SEM–EDS, MP-AES, TGA-DTA, and FTIR. At 600 °C, layered NMC phases collapsed within 1 h, yielding Li₂CO₃, NiO, CoO, Mn₃O₄, and traces of nickel/cobalt metals, while the PVDF binder and electrolyte residues were largely removed. At 700 °C, enhanced metal oxide crystallinity was observed alongside LiAlO₂ formation via reactions between lithium carbonateLithium carbonate (LiCO) and residual aluminum foil. Sintering and surface area loss became pronounced at prolonged exposure. These results highlight that well-controlled pyrolysis can simplify black massBlack mass composition, concentrate valuable metals, and remove organics, while excessive thermal conditions may lead to undesirable secondary phases, stressing the need for process optimisation in LIB recycling strategies.

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Thermal Decomposition of NMC Black Mass: Pyrolysis-Driven Pretreatment for Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Mohammad Ibrahim,
  • Lauriane N. A. Peyriller,
  • Ragnhild E. Aune

摘要

The growing demand for lithiumLithium-ion batteries (LIBs) highlights the urgent need for efficient and sustainable recycling solutions, with thermal pretreatmentThermal pretreatment serving as a key enabler for improved metal recoveryMetal recovery. The present study investigates the pyrolysis behavior of industrial NMC-type black massBlack mass treated at 600 °C and 700 °C for 1 and 2 h under an inert atmosphere. Structural and compositional transformations were monitored using XRD, SEM–EDS, MP-AES, TGA-DTA, and FTIR. At 600 °C, layered NMC phases collapsed within 1 h, yielding Li₂CO₃, NiO, CoO, Mn₃O₄, and traces of nickel/cobalt metals, while the PVDF binder and electrolyte residues were largely removed. At 700 °C, enhanced metal oxide crystallinity was observed alongside LiAlO₂ formation via reactions between lithium carbonateLithium carbonate (LiCO) and residual aluminum foil. Sintering and surface area loss became pronounced at prolonged exposure. These results highlight that well-controlled pyrolysis can simplify black massBlack mass composition, concentrate valuable metals, and remove organics, while excessive thermal conditions may lead to undesirable secondary phases, stressing the need for process optimisation in LIB recycling strategies.