Inquiry-based practical work plays a central role in Science Education and is essential for developing students’ scientific literacy. This approach encompasses complex processes including problem identification, formulate hypotheses, collect and analyze data, draw conclusions to address the problem, and communicate results. Several studies suggest that inquiry-based practical work can foster students’ interest in science, enhance their understanding of scientific concepts and the nature of science, and support the development of various skills and competences. Nevertheless, implementing this approach also presents challenges for teachers, as it requires a shift away from more traditional and purely mechanical instructional practices. In this chapter, we will first elaborate on how inquiry-based practical work is defined today and its role in Science Education. Next, we will focus on its implementation within the school context, emphasizing the effectiveness of inquiry-based practical work, the key challenges teachers encounter and the main benefits for students’ learning. Finally, the chapter provides a conclusion and ways forward.