Understanding the dynamic interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches in parturient women is crucial for assessing birth outcomes, especially in the context of obesity. We employed a time-resolved novel approach to characterize the Cardiac Sympathetic (CSI) and Cardiac Vagal (CVI) indices from maternal RR time series. 18 parturients were divided into normoweight (n = 9) and obese (n = 9) groups, matched by uterine contraction frequency. 5-min segments were analyzed using a sliding window, enabling the tracking of discrete changes in CSI and CVI throughout the 20-min recordings. Traditional HRV linear indices did not show significant differences, while time-resolved analysis revealed distinct autonomic patterns between groups. In obese participants, a first period with increased sympathetic activity and a second period with decreased sympathetic activity were found, as well as increased parasympathetic activity throughout almost the entire recording, in contrast to normoweight parturients. These findings may be related to multiple factors and physiological processes involved in labor, underscoring the importance of integrating dynamic autonomic indices with traditional metrics to detect subtle and clinically relevant changes in maternal cardiac regulation. Our study highlights the potential of the CSI and CVI to improve risk stratification and guide interventions aimed at mitigating obesity-related complications during labor. This approach may provide invaluable information for individualized labor management strategies.