The growing transition to electric mobility has driven the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs), particularly the NMC 811 type, which contains nickelNickel, manganese, and cobaltCobalt in its cathode’s active material, in addition to lithiumLithium. This work provides crucial insights into sustainable batteryRecycling recyclingBattery recycling. It presents an effective hydrometallurgical route for recycling these batteries, aiming to recover valuable metals and contribute to the circular economyCircular economy. The study developed a process that includes acid leachingLeaching using sulfuric and phosphoric acids solutions, and selective purification and precipitationPrecipitation steps. Sulfuric acid under the optimal conditions of 1.0 M, 90 ºC, and solid/liquid ratio 1:10 was able to leach 100% of lithium, nickel, and cobaltCobalt, and 93% of manganese. To purify the leachate solution, the technique of selective precipitationPrecipitation was investigated, with the goal of isolating lithiumLithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese while removing aluminumAluminum impurities. The optimized process resulted in high-purity solid compounds: lithiumLithium hydroxide (LiOH, 78.8% precipitated), nickelNickel oxalate (NiC₂O₄, 99.8%), cobaltCobalt oxalate (CoC2O4, 99.8%), and manganese oxide (MnO₂, 99.9%). The results showed high efficiency in metalRecovery recoveryMetal recovery and provided data for a detailed mass balance and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The LCA of the proposed route, scaled to produce 1000 kg of LiOH in an attributional model, quantified the potential environmental impactsEnvironmental impacts, such as emission of CO2, primary energy demand, and minerals scarcity resources. This allowed discussions regarding the importance of analyzing various scenarios of the recyclingRecycling route in order to highlight a viable pathway for resource recoveryRecovery considering minimizing negative environmental impactsEnvironmental impacts.

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Sustainable Recovery of Valuable Metals from NMC 811 Batteries: A Hydrometallurgical Approach with Life Cycle Assessment

  • Lucas Fonseca Guimarães,
  • Mentore Vaccari,
  • Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior,
  • Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa

摘要

The growing transition to electric mobility has driven the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs), particularly the NMC 811 type, which contains nickelNickel, manganese, and cobaltCobalt in its cathode’s active material, in addition to lithiumLithium. This work provides crucial insights into sustainable batteryRecycling recyclingBattery recycling. It presents an effective hydrometallurgical route for recycling these batteries, aiming to recover valuable metals and contribute to the circular economyCircular economy. The study developed a process that includes acid leachingLeaching using sulfuric and phosphoric acids solutions, and selective purification and precipitationPrecipitation steps. Sulfuric acid under the optimal conditions of 1.0 M, 90 ºC, and solid/liquid ratio 1:10 was able to leach 100% of lithium, nickel, and cobaltCobalt, and 93% of manganese. To purify the leachate solution, the technique of selective precipitationPrecipitation was investigated, with the goal of isolating lithiumLithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese while removing aluminumAluminum impurities. The optimized process resulted in high-purity solid compounds: lithiumLithium hydroxide (LiOH, 78.8% precipitated), nickelNickel oxalate (NiC₂O₄, 99.8%), cobaltCobalt oxalate (CoC2O4, 99.8%), and manganese oxide (MnO₂, 99.9%). The results showed high efficiency in metalRecovery recoveryMetal recovery and provided data for a detailed mass balance and a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The LCA of the proposed route, scaled to produce 1000 kg of LiOH in an attributional model, quantified the potential environmental impactsEnvironmental impacts, such as emission of CO2, primary energy demand, and minerals scarcity resources. This allowed discussions regarding the importance of analyzing various scenarios of the recyclingRecycling route in order to highlight a viable pathway for resource recoveryRecovery considering minimizing negative environmental impactsEnvironmental impacts.