Nearly 4 billion people worldwide suffer from water scarcity, with less than 1% of pure water suitable for human use. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) appear to be a promising option for sustainable water management since traditional water treatment techniques are thought to be inappropriate for emerging and resistant contaminants. This chapter examines AOPs as an effective strategy for mineralising long-lasting organic pollutants in ambient circumstances by generating hydroxyl radicals that are extremely reactive (•OH) together with additional reactive oxygen species (ROS). The primary AOP classifications, such as Fenton and photo-Fenton, ozone-based systems, photocatalysis, and sulphur radical processes, are thoroughly examined in this chapter. Every approach demonstrates its distinctive benefits in breaking down complicated pollutants that are resistant to traditional physical and biological treatment techniques. The implementation of AOP for industrial wastewater treatment, especially in the textile industry and emerging pollutant elimination, is also evaluated in this chapter. It has been investigated that combining AOP with other treatment methods, such as biological treatment, membrane processes, and adsorption technologies, can overcome the difficulties and increase total treatment efficacy while eliminating operating expenses. To promote the use of AOP in the world’s water treatment infrastructure, future studies must concentrate on refining scale-up parameters, creating thorough rate expressions, and setting uniform standards for optimum destruction efficiency.