There are close connections between the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) in theory and practice. As proposed by China in 2013, the BRI seeks to foster mutual benefit and shared prosperity among countries. ABS, first introduced in the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), outlines principles for fair and equitable access to genetic resource and the sharing of benefits arising from their utilization. These principles were implemented through prior informed consent (PIC), mutually agreed terms (MAT), and source disclosure. From a lex ferenda perspective, these concepts align in principle, direction, and implementation. At present, China has issued policies, plans, memoranda of understanding, and guidelines on the sustainable use and conservation of genetic resource under the BRI framework. However, ABS is seldom explicitly addressed. Moving forward, China should emphasize the roles of scientific research institutions and employ soft law mechanisms to advance ABS within the BRI framework. This approach will support the equitable and sustainable utilization of genetic resource and associated traditional knowledge.