Biopolymers derived from living organisms, such as bacteria, plants, algae, and animals, represent a varied group of naturally occurring polymers with a wide range of applications. These include polysaccharides, polypeptides, and polynucleotides, which are frequently derived from biological sources or waste using chemical methods. While their hierarchical structures provide them with unique physiochemical features, such as great mechanical strength and superhydrophobicity, creating synthetic replicas of these features is difficult. Biopolymers are highly suitable for biomedical applications, especially in drug delivery and tissue engineering, due to their low toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Methods such as electrospinning use proteins like collagen, gelatin, keratin, and fibroin to create hydrogels, nanofibers, and 3D-printed scaffolds. Despite their versatility, extracted biopolymers often demonstrate brittleness and inadequate mechanical performance. Functional polymers, synthesized through techniques like living anionic polymerization, demonstrate enhanced chemical reactivity, structural adaptability, and self-assembly capabilities, making them indispensable for applications in electronics, catalysis, and medical devices. Films produced from proteins such as casein, soy, zein, gelatin, and gluten are gaining popularity as sustainable food packaging alternatives due to their biodegradability and functional properties, such as emulsification and oxygen barrier capabilities. In the food industry, proteins improve texture, stability, and nutritional value across dairy, baking, and meat processing sectors. In the fields of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, collagen and gelatin are widely used, especially in hydrogels for drug delivery and wound healing purposes. Moreover, proteins can be structurally classified into fibrous, globular, and intermediate forms, with each type serving essential functions in providing structural support, enabling enzymatic activity, and preserving cell integrity. The ongoing advancement of protein-based biopolymers offers significant potential for advancements in the medical and food industries, owing to their sustainability, functionality, and biocompatibility.