The advent of high-resolution imaging, married with biochemical and genetic screening using highly sensitive calcitonin assays and advanced genomic technologies, has enlarged the pool of patients with occult medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) for whom the former “one-size-fits-all” approach would be downright overtreatment. Refined surgical techniques, specifically compartment-oriented microdissection guided by intraoperative nerve monitoring, have enhanced patient safety while reducing locoregional tumor recurrence in node-positive disease. This technological progress, with an increasing emphasis on cost-effective improvements of population health at one end and personalization of diagnosis and treatment at the other, has transformed medical practice by widening treatment corridors for sporadic and hereditary MTC, sparking controversies that are awaiting reconciliation. These controversies, some of which are outlined in this book chapter, beautifully illustrate how much familiarity with, and availability, take-up, and affordability of novel technologies emanating from translational research have revolutionized, and will continue to revolutionize, the practice of medicine.