Executive decision-making is increasingly challenged by volatility, uncertainty, and cognitive limitations. While AI has transformed business operations, its application in strategic leadership remains constrained by trust deficits, cognitive biases, and lack of counterfactual reasoning. This study introduces a mathematically grounded AI-Augmented Leadership framework, operationalized through the NOVA (Neuroscience-Oriented Virtual Agents) and DAMA (Decision-Augmenting Multi-Agent AI) models. The framework enhances executive decision-making via Bayesian bias compensation, trust calibration using the Perceived Explainability Index (PEI), and counterfactual strategy exploration. Simulation-driven validation, employing Monte Carlo methods, reinforcement learning, ANOVA, and regression analysis, demonstrates a 62.3% reduction in cognitive bias, 18–26% improvement in decision accuracy, and a rise in AI adoption likelihood from 20% to 90% with improved explainability. A case study in mergers and acquisitions confirms the model’s practical relevance, recommending Partial Stake Acquisition (51%) as the optimal strategy. The findings underscore the strategic imperative of integrating explainable, trust-calibrated AI into executive workflows. By bridging human cognition with multi-agent AI optimization, this research positions AI-Augmented Leadership as a transformative model for future-ready organizations.