This chapter addresses the objection that pluralism undermines the claim that Menschenbilder—conceptions of what it means to be human—play a foundational role in society. Critics argue that in pluralist societies, where a wide variety of religious, philosophical, and ideological Menschenbilder coexist, no single conception could serve as a shared basis for social life. The chapter counters this by distinguishing three levels of Menschenbild: individual, group-specific, and societal. It shows that beneath the plurality of beliefs lies a common, thin, and abstract societal Menschenbild, consisting of minimal but binding convictions—such as the belief in human dignity, freedom, and responsibility—that make communication and coexistence possible. Using metaphors of maps and grafting, the chapter explains how individual and group-specific Menschenbilder draw on and enrich this shared foundation while remaining aware of its limits. The societal Menschenbild is thus revealed as a meta-Menschenbild: foundational for all others, indispensable for social interaction, and essential for maintaining a pluralist, liberal order.

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Pluralism

  • Michael Zichy

摘要

This chapter addresses the objection that pluralism undermines the claim that Menschenbilder—conceptions of what it means to be human—play a foundational role in society. Critics argue that in pluralist societies, where a wide variety of religious, philosophical, and ideological Menschenbilder coexist, no single conception could serve as a shared basis for social life. The chapter counters this by distinguishing three levels of Menschenbild: individual, group-specific, and societal. It shows that beneath the plurality of beliefs lies a common, thin, and abstract societal Menschenbild, consisting of minimal but binding convictions—such as the belief in human dignity, freedom, and responsibility—that make communication and coexistence possible. Using metaphors of maps and grafting, the chapter explains how individual and group-specific Menschenbilder draw on and enrich this shared foundation while remaining aware of its limits. The societal Menschenbild is thus revealed as a meta-Menschenbild: foundational for all others, indispensable for social interaction, and essential for maintaining a pluralist, liberal order.