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The early twentieth-century evolutionary debates were far more complex than the simple dichotomy between “Darwinian” and “non-Darwinian” schools suggests. Neo-Lamarckism, orthogenesis, and mutationism, though often portrayed as opposing neo-Darwinism, encompassed diverse and sometimes interacting research agendas rather than cohesive alternatives. The so-called eclipse of Darwinism was more a period of theoretical diversification than outright rejection. This chapter delves into these debates, highlighting the dynamic interplay between scientific inquiry, ideological tensions, and the broader cultural landscape that shaped evolutionary discourse. It also examines how scientists engaged with public opinion on “Darwinism,” discussing its reception and the broader reputation of evolutionary biology during a period of rapid theoretical transformation.

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A Struggle for Consensus: Evolutionary Debates and Public Perception in the Early Twentieth Century

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • David Ceccarelli

摘要

The early twentieth-century evolutionary debates were far more complex than the simple dichotomy between “Darwinian” and “non-Darwinian” schools suggests. Neo-Lamarckism, orthogenesis, and mutationism, though often portrayed as opposing neo-Darwinism, encompassed diverse and sometimes interacting research agendas rather than cohesive alternatives. The so-called eclipse of Darwinism was more a period of theoretical diversification than outright rejection. This chapter delves into these debates, highlighting the dynamic interplay between scientific inquiry, ideological tensions, and the broader cultural landscape that shaped evolutionary discourse. It also examines how scientists engaged with public opinion on “Darwinism,” discussing its reception and the broader reputation of evolutionary biology during a period of rapid theoretical transformation.