Towards Ouroboric Thinking
摘要
This chapter examines Raymond Tallis’ reflections on the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity in the context of human embodiment. Tallis asserts that conscious human experience cannot be reduced to naturalistic explanations and emphasizes the opposition between consciousness and “nature.” However, through his analysis of embodiment, he also proposes an “ouroboric” perspective in which subjectivity and objectivity exhibit “reciprocal containment.” The chapter closely examines Tallis’ approach to embodiment in I Am and Seeing Ourselves and evaluates it in terms of oppositional versus ouroboric thinking. It first demonstrates Tallis’ shifts among transcendental, empirical-reflexive, and object-oriented views of the body. It further explores the implications of his limited engagement with embodiment for the figure-ground problem in perception, which has essential consequences for understanding subjectivity as either structurally embodied, indexed to the world, or fundamentally uncoupled from it. The chapter concludes by addressing the consequences of the figure-ground problem for higher-order thinking. The author argues that higher-order intentionality reflects a subject’s distancing from bodily backgrounds through the development of sociocultural contextual frameworks, rather than a separation between subject and object. Even in higher-order cognition and action, the subject remains inherently indexicalized. This analysis advocates for a more integrated conception of embodiment that bridges subjective and objective dimensions.