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As in-vehicle systems advance, AR-HUDs have become crucial for driver-vehicle interaction, yet unoptimized icon encoding may hinder information processing and increase cognitive load. This study investigates how shape, color and transparency affect driver response times and subjective evaluations by testing 108 icon variants across driving scenarios with diverse participants using a Unity-based simulator. Results demonstrate that color significantly impacts recognition speed, with blue and red icons reducing reaction times compared to yellow due to higher contrast, while line-based icons outperformed area-based designs owing to clearer outlines and reduced visual clutter. Transparency showed minimal effects on reaction time but influenced readability in specific conditions. The optimal combination line-shaped blue icons at 100% transparency yielded the fastest average reaction time (1333.67 ms), with subjective evaluations confirming lower cognitive load for high-contrast, simplified designs. These findings provide actionable AR-HUD design guidelines prioritizing contrast, clarity, and transparency to improve safety and usability, bridging ergonomic theory and empirical data to advance HMI research for future in-vehicle interfaces.

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The Impact of Encoded Forms of In-Car AR-HUD Warning Information on Drivers’ Reaction Time and Subjective Evaluation

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Jianyu Shi,
  • Xiang Ben,
  • Yajing Kan

摘要

As in-vehicle systems advance, AR-HUDs have become crucial for driver-vehicle interaction, yet unoptimized icon encoding may hinder information processing and increase cognitive load. This study investigates how shape, color and transparency affect driver response times and subjective evaluations by testing 108 icon variants across driving scenarios with diverse participants using a Unity-based simulator. Results demonstrate that color significantly impacts recognition speed, with blue and red icons reducing reaction times compared to yellow due to higher contrast, while line-based icons outperformed area-based designs owing to clearer outlines and reduced visual clutter. Transparency showed minimal effects on reaction time but influenced readability in specific conditions. The optimal combination line-shaped blue icons at 100% transparency yielded the fastest average reaction time (1333.67 ms), with subjective evaluations confirming lower cognitive load for high-contrast, simplified designs. These findings provide actionable AR-HUD design guidelines prioritizing contrast, clarity, and transparency to improve safety and usability, bridging ergonomic theory and empirical data to advance HMI research for future in-vehicle interfaces.