This book chapter highlights the critical role of nano-biomaterials in detecting environmental pollutants. The chapter covers various types of nano-biomaterials, such as carbon-based, metal-based, and polymeric nano-biomaterials, and the properties that make them suitable for detecting different types of pollutants. Additionally, the chapter describes different detection techniques that employ nano-biomaterials, including colorimetry, fluorescence-based, and electrochemical methods. Furthermore, the chapter deals with nano-biomaterials’ applications in detecting heavy metals, pesticides, organic pollutants, and biological pollutants. In this section, the chapter outlines the advantages of nano-biomaterials over traditional detection methods and discusses how the sensitivity and selectivity of these materials can aid in pollutant detection. The chapter also examines the challenges and future prospects of using nano-biomaterials in pollutant detection. Some of the challenges discussed include nano-biomaterials’ toxicity and the difficulties associated with their large-scale production. However, the chapter highlights nano-biomaterials’ potential in advancing pollutant detection technology and their potential for real-world applications. In conclusion, the chapter emphasizes the importance of nano-biomaterials in detecting environmental pollutants and their potential to revolutionize the field of pollutant detection. Overall, this book chapter serves as an informative resource for researchers and scientists interested in the applications of nano-biomaterials in detecting environmental pollutants.