Primary mining activities have a significant environmental negative impact, thus, necessitating the need for sustainable metal recycling. This requires advanced research and development of techniques which improve their recovery efficiency and separation methods. Pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes are the main focus, with pyrometallurgical processes being widely used in the autocatalytic converter recycling industry. Hydrometallurgical procedures are being investigated as a potential substitute for traditional methods due to their lower cost, higher temperatures, and potential hazardous combustion products. This process is praised for its high solid mass leaching, flexible conditions, environmentally friendly solvents, and minimal restrictions. The fuel cell sector is also experiencing advancements in technology, with this study examining PGM recovery techniques from used proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The study explores the benefits, limitations, industrial uses, health risks, economic and environmental impacts, and the challenges and opportunities of these technologies. Future research and industry applications are also discussed.