Conceptual Development of Domestic Water Heating Technologies in South Africa Incorporating the Low-Grade Heat Storage Material, Sodium Acetate Trihydrate
摘要
Domestic hot water (DHW) heating in South Africa accounts for a significant portion (over 40%) of consumer power costs in addition to placing excess pressure on national power supply. Therefore, the implementation of more efficient water heating systems may bring dual benefits both to the producer and consumer. The following paper discusses some potential methods of incorporating the low-grade heat storage material, Sodium Acetate Trihydrate (SAT), into South African DHW heating applications. SAT is a phase change material (PCM) that releases heat when changing phase from a liquid to a solid. It has a melting point of 58 °C, which falls into the ideal range for DHW applications, which is close to 45–55 °C. Two concepts were explored, the first concept looked at encapsulating and submerging various quantities of SAT into DHW storage tanks using tubes, while the second looked at applications that could supply stored heat using direct heat exchange on demand to consumers. Size estimates for Concept 1 resulted in systems 5.5 times larger than standard electric geysers in some cases and this was therefore regarded as a potential solution only for exigent circumstance requiring hot water. Concept 2 showed more promise, with recharging times under 2 h, complying with the regulations outlined in SANS 151, as well as a reduction in standing losses of between 68%–70%, reduced storage footprint of 71% and payback periods between 5 and 8 years which are comparative with solar hot water installations.