Intraoperative language mapping during awake craniotomy is a critical neurosurgical technique employed to identify language-eloquent areas of the brain, with the goal of minimizing postoperative language deficits. This procedure uses direct electrical stimulation to map individual-specific language networks, which are known to exhibit significant interindividual variability. Awake electrocortical stimulation is particularly important in surgeries involving brain tumors, epilepsy, or other lesions located in the “dominant” hemisphere, where language centers may be impacted. The localization of language centers can be complicated by cortical reorganization or displacement due to pathological processes, such as tumor growth or seizure activity during development. Unlike motor or sensory stimulation, which produces observable responses, language cortex stimulation temporarily disrupts speech, aiding in the identification of critical areas for language production. This mapping is performed using an awake-asleep-awake anesthetic protocol, with electrical stimulation applied to cortical areas while the patient performs language tasks. Speech errors during stimulation indicate essential language regions, informing the surgeon of areas at risk during resection. This chapter will explore the principles, methodologies, and clinical implications of awake language mapping in neurosurgery.