Bourgeois economics focuses on profit-making commodities, sometimes following Arrow and Sen with occasionally commenting on welfare economics, production not-for-profit. Yet non-market use-values in the form of public services, third-sector (3S) and household services are an increasingly important way of producing wealth. Who produces presupposed non-market use-values, why and for whom and with what results? Recipients of non-market use-values use the wealth they receive to solve social problems such as what Jansson (The Economics of Services – Micro-foundations, Development and Policy. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2013) refers to as healthcare, education and care (HEC) services. Some services (think of childcare or eldercare, can be provided by the state, or families or the 3S—the chapter analyses how governance choices are made noting different configurations of input-output between use-value providers. Digging into volunteer labour and use-values (arguments on coproduction, housework wages and philanthropy), including developing economies, we critically evaluate their contribution in the context of welfare states, and in the process criticise stakeholder theory and the notion of GDP, challenging the dominant place of exchange-value production (Kinder and Stenvall, Public Sector Econ 45:329–361, 2021). The chapter returns to the interrelationship between social relations of production social relations of reproduction evaluating social reproduction theory. This draws attention to learning and knowledge creation a deeper look at which is the subject of Chap. 5 .