Nutrigenomics, an emerging interdisciplinary field, has gained global attention for its potential to personalize nutrition based on an individual’s genetic profile. By exploring the interaction between nutrients and genes, nutrigenomics offers a deeper understanding of how dietary components influence health, disease susceptibility, and metabolic functions. This field has significant implications for the development of functional foods and personalized dietary interventions. Advancements in food biotechnology further complement nutrigenomics by enabling the modification of food composition to enhance nutritional value. Biofortification, such as β-carotene-enriched golden rice and iron-fortified rice, has proven effective in preventing micronutrient deficiencies and associated diseases like ischemia and blindness. Additionally, the incorporation of bioactive compounds in food formulations offers promising avenues for the management and prevention of long-term conditions including osteoporosis, diabetes, cancer, and heart problems. At the molecular level, nutrients act as signaling molecules, influencing gene expression, metabolic pathways, and cellular processes. The study of micronutrients and macronutrients in gene regulation has revealed their critical roles in maintaining genetic stability and preventing degenerative diseases. Deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals can lead to oxidative stress, DNA damage, and increased disease risk. Furthermore, unbalanced intake of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is a key factor in the progression of metabolic disorders. This chapter explores the latest trends in nutrigenomics and food science, emphasizing the role of personalized nutrition in disease prevention. It also discusses the challenges of integrating genetic data with dietary recommendations and the need for further research to optimize the potential of individualized nutrition in public health.