The Automated Road Transportation Symposium (ARTS23) hosted a breakout session titled “Defining Energy/Emissions Measurement and Testing in the CAV Era.” This session focused on testing methods for new and emerging connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technology that measure their efficiency and emissions performance. Key stakeholders include consumers interested in fuel economy labels, regulators concerned with CO2 emissions and corporate average fuel economy requirements, and researchers seeking feedback for technology development. The workshop began with presentations from researchers and testing equipment suppliers, discussing existing tools and proposing new potential test procedures. Subsequently, the participants were split into four groups, each tasked with developing a framework for CAV testing. The resulting notional frameworks are detailed in this chapter.