Optical networks represent the essential backbone for various communication systems, such as long-haul, metro, data center networks, etc. As these networks face surging volumes of highly sensitive data, it is crucial for future optical networks to efficiently accommodate rising traffic demands as well as to be resilient against network failures and secure against attackers. We aim to design resource-allocation algorithms to improve the energy efficiency, resiliency, and security of future optical networks as follows: (1) Enhance energy efficiency using novel transmission technologies. We have first investigated how to reduce energy consumption using emerging ZR/ZR+ pluggable optics, and then we have quantified the cost and power consumption of a new monitoring technique, called power profile monitoring on a network scale. (2) Improve network resilience with proactive and reactive solutions. We have investigated proactive solutions for virtual network mapping against double-link failures and reactive solutions to provide swift network recovery for future optical networks under massive failures. (3) Enhance network security with quantum technologies. We have investigated novel resource allocation algorithms for QKD networks to improve resource efficiency. Besides, we have investigated entanglement routing problems for quantum networks, which are essential for quantum applications like QKD.